Elements in the Human Body and What They Do

Elements in the Human Body and What They Do There are several ways to consider the composition of the human body, including the elements, type of molecule, or type of cells.  Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it isnt surprising that most of a human bodys mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Oxygen (O) - 65% - Oxygen together with hydrogen form water, which is the primary solvent found in the body and is used to regulate temperature and osmotic pressure. Oxygen is found in many key organic compounds.Carbon (C) - 18% - Carbon has four bonding sites for other atoms, which makes it the key atom for organic chemistry. Carbon chains are used to build carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins. Breaking bonds with carbon is an energy source.Hydrogen (H) - 10% - Hydrogen is found in water and in all organic molecules.Nitrogen (N) - 3% - Nitrogen is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids that make up the genetic code.Calcium (Ca) - 1.5% - Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Its used as a structural material in bones, but it is essential for protein regulation and muscle contraction.Phosphorus (P) - 1.0% - Phosphorus is found in the molecule ATP, which is the primary energy carrier in cells. Its also found in bone.Potassium (K) - 0.35% - Potassium is an im portant electrolyte. Its used to transmit nerve impulses and heartbeat regulation.Sulfur (S) - 0.25% - Two amino acids include sulfur. The bonds sulfur forms help give proteins the shape they need to perform their functions.Sodium (Na) - 0.15% - Sodium is an important electrolyte. Like potassium, it is used for nerve signaling. Sodium is one of the electrolytes that helps regulate the amount of water in the body.Chlorine (Cl) - 0.15% -  Chlorine is an important negatively-charged ion (anion) used to maintain fluid balance.Magnesium (Mg) - 0.05% - Magnesium is involved in over 300 metabolic reactions. Its used to build the structure of muscles and bones and is an important cofactor in enzymatic reactions.Iron (Fe) - 0.006% - Iron is found in hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co) - total less than 0.70%Lithium (Li), Strontium (Sr), Alum inum (Al), Silicon (Si), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), Arsenic (As), Bromine (Br) - present in trace amounts Many other elements may be found in extremely small quantities. For example, the human body often contains trace amounts of thorium, uranium, samarium, tungsten, beryllium, and radium. Trace elements considered essential in humans include zinc, iodine, possibly silicon, probably boron, selenium, probably nickel, chromium, manganese, lithium, possibly arsenic, molybdenum, cobalt, and possibly vanadium. Not all of the elements found within the body are essential for life. Some are considered contaminants that appear to do no harm, but serve no known function. Examples include cesium and titanium. Others are actively toxic, including mercury, cadmium, and the radioactive elements. Arsenic is considered to be toxic to humans, but serves a function in other mammals (goats, rats, hamsters) in trace amounts. Aluminum is interesting because it is the third most common element in the Earths crust, yet serves no known function in living cells. While fluorine is used by plants to produce protective toxins, it serves no essential biological role in human beings. You may also wish to view the  elemental composition of an average human body  by mass. Sources Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-110595-6.Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. OUP Oxford. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Frausto Da Silva, J. J. R; Williams, R. J. P (2001-08-16). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. ISBN 9780198508489.H. A., V. W. Rodwell; P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.Zumdahl, Steven S. and Susan A. (2000). Chemistry, 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 894. ISBN 0-395-98581-1.

Lord Of The Flies Character Analysis Essay - 718 Words

Have you ever thought what type of hardships children would deal with when stranded on an island? This question is answered in the story called Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding. The character focused on will be a boy named Ralph, a blond boy who is built like a boxer. He, Ralph, is the main character, is perceived as the protagonist, and is seen as the leader. Ralph lead the other children with rudimentary leadership, his obsession with fires, he blew the conch that started everything, and made himself into a chief by election, this position made some of the other big kids/candidates angry and apprehensive. In the beginning, Ralph, the main character, blows a conch that is laying on the beach shore, convincing the other†¦show more content†¦This belief is the main reason why some of the other children are dead, Simon, Piggy, and the ‘Marked Child’ for example, and it’s all his fault because of his obsession with the signal fire. Knowing this, it should be concluded that Ralph’s obsession with fire is a very dangerous one as everyone starts to dislike him and eventually turn on him, and also makes them kill at least 3 children in the process. As proclaimed, the bigger kids became apprehensive against Ralph because they wanted Jack and his leadership instead of Ralph. Jack is one of the hunters who was leading them, the hunters, before their crash landing on the island. These misleading apprehensions lead the boys, the hunters, to eventually become intransigent to other voices of reason. One quote supporting this claim includes the following: â€Å"‘You wouldn’t care to help with the shelters, I suppose?’ ‘We want meat—‘† this quote helps to support the claim that Jack only wants to do one thing, hunt, and nothing else (Golding 71). Eventually, this apprehension of Ralph and his rationale lead to the death of Piggy and Simon, and to the eventual hunt for Ralph in the final chapter. . Ralph lead the other children with rudimentary leadership, he obsessed over fires, he blew the conch that started everything, and made himself into a chief by election, this position made some of the other big kids/candidates angry and apprehensive. Ralph blew theShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies Character Analysis Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Societal Constructs Displayed in LORD â€Å"We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable; that all men are created equal and independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent and inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†. 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Adolescence and Teenagers free essay sample

Teenagers spending time at night It is a common phenomenon seeing teenagers hanging out at night in big cities. Places which teenagers like to hang out are shopping malls, computer games centers and sometimes, roadsides. These places have become teenagers’ favourite places because they can meet other teenagers to socialize. Teenagers start congregate at these places since evening and some of them even stay out late loitering aimlessly. Many adults feel that it is risky to allow teenagers to loiter at night. However, some parents think that it is just a phase in life which adolescence feel that they need to mix around with their peer group. These parents tend to give too much freedom to their teenage children because they think that they should not deprive of their children’s freedom to mingle with friends. Nevertheless, not every parent agrees that teenagers should be allowed to go out at night too often. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescence and Teenagers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These parents are obviously concerned that when their teenage children spend time out of the house too frequent at night, their children will spend only little time at home with their own family members. When two parents are working, the only time which is available for quality family time is at night. Parents are also worried who their teenage children’s companions are and what influence their children will get from their companions. In addition, parents are also concerned about the food their children consume. It is definitely unhealthy for teenagers to spend their time at fast food outlets which serve high greasy and sugar-contained food. Overeating at night could result in obesity and diabetic. Besides, undesirable and inconsiderate habit of wasting the parents’ hard earned money will be developed.

Privatization Of Telstra Essays - Telstra, , Term Papers

Privatization Of Telstra What are the advantages of privatizing Telstra and how does this impact it's ethical conduct while striving to satisfy community expectations? I believe that putting important public assets into select private hands is not in Australia's long-term interests, and oppose the partial/full sale of Telstra for the reasons that the Government has given. The argument the Government has given for the privatization and corporatisation of Telstra has been a budget conscious one where the proceeds of Telstra will provide a "one-off" opportunity to: 1) abolish Telstra's pastoral call rate and provide untimed local calls in extended zones in remote Australia; 2) increase funding for Networking the nation; and 3) pay off foreign debt left over by the previous government However, this is not true as the Minister, Senator Alston already has the power to direct Telstra to provide services and upgrade infrastructure (points 1 and 2). If the USO (Universal Service Obligations Act) or performance standards under the CSG need changing, then the Minister should invoke his power to direct, and these changes should be made distinct from any attempts to sell Telstra. Statistics also show that the sale of the first third netted a total of $0.37 billion loss to the Commonwealth. By the year 2000, it is estimated that Telstra earnings will exceed $2 billion annually. The Howard Government estimats an interest saving of about $2.4 billion per year. This doesn't take into account the income that will be lost to the government every year in revenue earnings from Telstra. By 2007, the sale of Telstra is expected to create a budget black hole of $4 billion. The government cites that the "Mums and Dads" of Australia will benefit by purchasing shares in the float, which is true. But eventually the real beneficiaries will be the multinational companies who will have the controlling majority, not the Australian public. This can have detrimental effects on society, especially to the rural regions of Australia. The Democrats and the Labor Party also disapprove of the privatization of Telstra for the above reasons. Privatization is when a Government Business Entity (Statutory Body) is sold to the general public and becomes a public company. There is a belief that Government run businesses are inefficient because their motive isn't necessarily money, although there is no consistent evidence that privatization increases efficiency. However in the case of Telstra, there have been clear signs of deterioration in services since it's partial privatization. Delays are longer on connection and service times. Recent changes to the charging regime for community calls will impact on costs, particularly for small business, in rural and regional areas. (One in three rural customers were denied connections to new services ~ SMH 5/2/99) Rural and regional customers also suffered the biggest fall in standards for repairing faults. The Telstra Communications Network is also set to suffer shutdowns along the lines of the power cuts in Queensland and Auckland. All these factors can contribute to the downward spiralling of the essential qualities of life for country families. This deterioration in services has been a direct consequence of privatization, where the focus of the company has shifted to profits rather than providing a cheap and efficient service. Another example of this can be seen when according to the Media (ABC), Telstra reaches an excess of funds of up to $1.5 billion as a result of staff/service cuts. The Board of Directors are urging for a special dividend to shareholders or a share buyback (to increase share prices). No one is suggesting the obvious, strategic investment. Privatization has also made an impact on the working conditions of employees. One of the first stages of structural reform that Telstra implemented was downsizing and the cutting of working conditions of over 60 000 workers (formerly) employed by Telstra, after experts claimed that there is an excessive labour load of about 27000 strong. As Telstra was previously a GBE, it's structure was "suboptimal" in a business sense ie: Telstra's activities exceed what it would have undertaken in a free market. This has given it one of the worst staff to phone line ratios in the advanced world. After 15 months of negotiations with the Communications Electrical and Plumbers Union (CEPU), the standardisation of ordinary hours for full time employees, introduction of 3 main work streams and the extension of shift arrangements to all sections was agreed upon. Many workers suffered pay losses when they were re-graded. The Financial review (17/2/99) records that in 1998, Telstra's labour costs dropped 7.7% (the number of it's employees fell by 20000), despite a

Why Investing is Important an Example by

Why Investing is Important Investment is not different from gambling. Its concepts revolve around taking risk of your own possession for the hope to gain more out of it. Investing deals with money-making and smart and interesting ways of making money. It requires great decision-making skills. Need essay sample on "Why Investing is Important" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Why should I mind such an investment? Some professionals who earn huge salaries in the present times might ask this question. They think that someday, in the future when they would be already retired in their own jobs, their social security pensions would support their living. But in reality, to somewhat support someones necessities would be a big thing to think about and should not just be relied to the help that would be given by such pension agencies. That means that relying to the benefits would not promise a comfortable life in the future. Security is the most obvious reason why someone should invest. No one can tell you when your car would retire, your house would be ruined by a tornado, your daughter would catch flu, and every other unfortunate thing that require big money just to be surpassed. And when these things happen, you would not be left crying in misery or wasted just because you did not suppose those things to happen. Preparing money from your savings might be a great idea than just to pray that those adverse things would not happen. In modern times, to easily earn money in no time is a prerequisite to live comfortably, unless you are born to be supernaturally lucky that you can sweat diamonds. Its a must that every person should always think about. Why worry investing? Investing is not that difficult at all. Investing is just allotting funds for little money-generating endeavors that would also be interesting for you. An axiom says, You should not work hard for money but the other way around. References: Mousseau, Jessica. (Mar. 03, 2007). Why Invest. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from Associated Content: The Peoples Media Company. Cunningham, Kolb and Cunningham, Rose Mary. (1991). Intro to Investments. Kolb Publishing Company Fisher, Kenneth L. (1984). Super Stocks. Dow-Jones Irwin. Fisher Philip A. (1980). Develping Investment as Philosophy. The Financial Analysts Research Foundation

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term Stepping back into that chilly dorm room after a luxurious winter break can feel like a prison sentence. Your new courses yawn out in front of you forever, with spring break an eternity away. If you’re not careful, this can turn into a post-vacation funk. Even worse, it could lead to depression or dropping out. The U.S. News and World Report states that 1 in 3 college freshman won’t make it back for sophomore year, with a full 10% of students dropping out during winter break. What is the reason for this significant loss of motivation? Money, family issues, and plain old loneliness. In a recent book by Donald Foss, a professor of psychology at the University of Houston, he states that loneliness, isolation, and financial problems can combine into a perfect storm of college demotivation. Fortunately, there are a few simple ways to combat this post-break malaise. By actively engaging with your college experience, practicing positive behaviors and attitudes, and keeping yourself healthy, you’ll be much more likely to limit your stress and have a great second term. Get Organized One of the quickest ways to fall into a post-break funk is to feel like you don’t know what you’re doing. That’s why it’s important to be proactive about how you feel about school. Start by making a schedule of all the major goals you want to get accomplished this semester – both academic and personal. Then, break each of those goals down so you know what you need to do each week to get that goal accomplished. You can even include specific assignments that will need to be finished so you’ll have lots of time to complete them. This will give you the focus you need to get engaged in your new term. Get Involved Since isolation is one of the main reasons that students feel depressed after their winter break, it makes a lot of sense to get involved in a new activity. Try to pick something that you think will be interesting, but not time-consuming. In addition, if you pick a physical activity (like a co-ed team sport), you’ll be exercising your body at the same time you’re exercising your social skills. Getting involved in an activity can go a long way to relieving the sense of isolation that many students feel during the post-winter term. In addition, it keeps you moving when your instinct is to stay cooped up in your room. Get Positive When life gets you down, the best antidote is positivity. This is an especially good idea for students who are feeling nervous about their new teachers or term. At the end of each day, take five minutes and write down at least three things that you felt good about for that day in a â€Å"positive journal.† You can fill your journal with things as simple as smiling at a stranger, or as complicated as getting a good grade on a huge project. Then, at the end of each week, read over your daily entries. Take a minute to congratulate yourself on doing (and seeing) so much good. You’ll feel better about yourself and begin to start seeing the positive everywhere you go! Get Ahead For a lot of students, the first few weeks of the semester are the ones when they feel most excited to learn. The brand new books, teachers, and curriculum can be exciting†¦until that mid-semester boredom kicks in. Super-smart students take advantage of this first-of-the-term motivational boost by getting ahead. Take a look at the syllabus on the first day and see what kind of assignments will need to be done over the next few weeks. If you can, start thinking about paper ideas, read ahead in the book, or complete easy homework assignments that you can turn in later. When your initial boost of energy wears off, you’ll still be ahead of the curve and more likely to establish a habit of turning in work early rather than late. Get Help If, for any reason, you’re stuck in a pattern of depression and lack of motivation, don’t wait to get help! There are many people who want to see you succeed, and who have the skills to help you organize your schooling so that you can finish like a champ. Talk to your friends or roommates, and see what kind of advice they have for getting out of your slump. You can also talk to an academic advisor or school counselor, even abiut the things that seem small. They are much happier hearing from you before your depression has become an emergency. And, of course, get help from your family or other close associates. Truly smart students know when they can’t do it alone. Have you managed to overcome post-holiday blues and lack of motivation? Share your story with us!

Marketing Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Channels - Essay Example The factory gate is the point at which the product is fully assembled and ready to be sent to the retailer's distribution center (Factory Gate Pricing 2004). Under FGP, the retailer takes over the primary distribution from the supplier which means the retailer no longer has to pay the cost of transportation that was previously included in the price the supplier charged for product. The retailer buys the product "at the factory gate" and arranges transport. Instead of several separate vehicles making delivery to a central point, one vehicle can make several stops to pick up goods from suppliers in a specific geographical area. Also, goods can be collected at port of entry into the UK which will cost less, and collecting goods at a manufacturing site located outside the UK could create additional savings. FGP has been in use in the UK by a number of grocery retailers and, as stated earlier, offers component costs of product with transportation costs separated. According to Scottish Food and Drink, there is a lack of knowledge about FGP among suppliers, but the majority of those suppliers using FGP have had a positive experience and believe it is here to stay (How Do I 2004). According to them, certain areas need exploration in deciding whether FGP is the right solution. According to Potter (2003), FGP was first introduc... Understanding supply chain costs Having thorough understanding of logistics operations Putting cross-functional teams in place Making top-level commitments between organisations, for instance, CEOs Once these factors have been considered and FGP is put in place, it becomes obvious that transportation costs are a key area of concern. Effect on Supply Chain Partners and Customers According to Potter (2003), FGP was first introduced in the UK by the fashion and automotive sectors in order to establish organisation and optimisation of transport by purchaser to point of delivery. Applying FGP in the UK grocery sector, however, is probably its most complex application. Tesco was the first to implement it, then Sainsbury's, Asda and Carrefour. A Tesco case study realized the following FGP benefits: 1. Reduction in transport miles 2. Reduction in transport costs 3. Supply chain visibility Aware of orders being placed on suppliers Analyses of the extra costs of demand amplification on transport Better use of transport through backloading Higher service levels The more consolidation, the more savings on wider scale Potter, p. 20 Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment: What Is It According to the Grocery Manufacturers association, collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) is a revolutionary business process wherein trading partners use technology and a standard set of business processes for Internet-based collaboration on forecasts and plans for replenishing product (Collaborative Planning 2002, par. 1). Because it is a new process within the industry, intended to develop a collaboration strategy among trading partners, a study was undertaken by GMA outlining basic tenets